SECTION 1: NORMAL ANATOMY AND TECHNIQUES
Normal Anatomy Overview
Craniovertebral Junction
Cervical Spine
Thoracic Spine
Lumbar Spine
Measurement Techniques
Normal Postoperative Change: Disc Space
Normal Postoperative Change: Epidural Space
Metal Artifact
SECTION 2: DEVICES AND INSTRUMENTATION
Devices and Instrumentation Overview
Plates and Screws
Cages
Subaxial Posterior Instrumentation
Transpedicular Screw Fixation
Cervical Artificial Disc
Lumbar Artificial Disc
Interspinous Spacing Devices
Scoliosis and Devices Instrumentation
Pumps and Catheters
SECTION 3: CONGENITAL AND GENETIC DISORDERS
BONY VARIATIONS
C2-C3 Fusion
C1 Assimilation
Ponticulus Posticus
Ossiculum Terminale
Paracondylar Process
Condylus Tertius
Posterior Arch Rachischisis
Split Atlas
DIAGNOSES
Odontoid Hypoplasia/Aplasia
C1 Dysmorphism/Hypoplastic Arch
Chiari 1
Complex Chiari
Chiari 2
Chiari 3
Myelomeningocele
Lipomyelomeningocele
Lipoma
Dorsal Dermal Sinus
Simple Coccygeal Dimple
Dermoid Cysts
Epidermoid Cysts
Tethered Spinal Cord
Segmental Spinal Dysgenesis
Caudal Regression Syndrome
Terminal Myelocystocele
Anterior Sacral Meningocele
Occult Intrasacral Meningocele
Sacrococcygeal Teratoma
Klippel-Feil Spectrum
Failure of Vertebral Formation
Vertebral Segmentation Failure
Diastematomyelia
Neurenteric Cyst
Os Odontoideum
Lateral Meningocele
GENETIC
Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Neurofibromatosis Type 2
Down Syndrome
Mucopolysaccharidoses
Achondroplasia
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia
SECTION 4: DISORDERS OF ALIGNMENT
Introduction to Scoliosis
Scoliosis
Kyphosis
Degenerative Scoliosis
Scoliosis Instrumentation
Spondylolisthesis
Instability
SECTION 5: TRAUMA
VERTEBRAL COLUMN, DISCS
Fracture Classification
Atlantooccipital Dislocation
Ligamentous Injury
Occipital Condyle Fracture
Jefferson C1 Fracture
Atlantoaxial Rotatory Fixation
Odontoid C2 Fracture
Burst C2 Fracture
Hangman's C2 Fracture
Apophyseal Ring Fracture
Cervical Hyperflexion Injury
Cervical Hyperextension Injury
Cervical Burst Fracture
Traumatic Disc Herniation
Thoracic and Lumbar Burst Fracture
Fracture Dislocation
Chance Fracture
Anterior Compression Fracture
Sacral Insufficiency Fracture
CORD, DURA, AND VESSELS
Posttraumatic Syrinx
Presyrinx Edema
Spinal Cord Contusion-Hematoma
Idiopathic Spinal Cord Herniation
Traumatic Epidural Hematoma
Traumatic Subdural Hematoma
SECTION 6: DEGENERATIVE DISEASES AND ARTHRITIDES
DEGENERATIVE DISEASE
Nomenclature of Degenerative Disc Disease
Degenerative Disc Disease
Degenerative Endplate Changes
Disc Bulge
Anular Fissure, Intervertebral Disc
Cervical Intervertebral Disc Herniation
Thoracic Intervertebral Disc Herniation
Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation
Intervertebral Disc Extrusion, Foraminal
Cervical Facet Arthropathy
Lumbar Facet Arthropathy
Facet Joint Synovial Cyst
Baastrup Disease
Bertolotti Syndrome
Schmorl Node
Scheuermann Disease
Acquired Lumbar Central Stenosis
Congenital Spinal Stenosis
Cervical Spondylosis
DISH
OPLL
Ossification Ligamentum Flavum
Periodontoid Pseudotumor
Spondylolysis
INFLAMMATORY, CRYSTALLINE, AND MISCELLANEOUS ARTHRITIDES
Adult Rheumatoid Arthritis
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Neurogenic (Charcot) Arthropathy
Hemodialysis Spondyloarthropathy
Ankylosing Spondylitis
CPPD
Gout
SECTION 7: INFECTION AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS
INFECTION
Pathways of Spread
Pyogenic Osteomyelitis
Tuberculous Osteomyelitis
Fungal and Miscellaneous Osteomyelitis
Osteomyelitis, C1-C2
Septic Facet Joint Arthritis
Paraspinal Abscess
Epidural Abscess
Abscess, Spinal Cord
INFLAMMATORY AND AUTOIMMUNE
Acute Transverse Myelopathy
Multiple Sclerosis
Neuromyelitis Optica
ADEM
Sarcoidosis
Grisel Syndrome
IgG4-Related Disease/Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis
SECTION 8: NEOPLASMS, CYSTS, AND OTHER MASSES
EXTRADURAL NEOPLASMS
Spread of Neoplasms
Blastic Osseous Metastases
Lytic Osseous Metastases
Hemangioma
Osteoid Osteoma
Osteoblastoma
Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
Giant Cell Tumor
Osteochondroma
Chondrosarcoma
Osteosarcoma
Chordoma
Ewing Sarcoma
Lymphoma
Leukemia
Plasmacytoma
Multiple Myeloma
Neuroblastic Tumor
INTRADURAL EXTRAMEDULLARY
Schwannoma
Meningioma
Solitary Fibrous Tumor/Hemangiopericytoma
Neurofibroma
Malignant Nerve Sheath Tumors
Metastases, CSF Disseminated
Paraganglioma
INTRAMEDULLARY
Astrocytoma
Cellular Ependymoma
Myxopapillary Ependymoma
Hemangioblastoma
Spinal Cord Metastases
Primary Melanocytic Neoplasms/Melanocytoma
NONNEOPLASTIC CYSTS AND TUMOR MIMICS
CYSTS
CSF Flow Artifact
Meningeal Cyst
Perineural Root Sleeve Cyst
Syringomyelia
TUMOR MIMICS
Fibrous Dysplasia
Kümmell Disease
Hirayama Disease
Paget Disease
Bone Infarction
Extramedullary Hematopoiesis
Tumoral Calcinosis
SECTION 9: VASCULAR DISORDERS
Vascular Anatomy
Approach to Vascular Conditions
Type 1 Vascular Malformation (Dural Arteriovenous Fistula)
Type 2 Arteriovenous Malformation
Type 3 Arteriovenous Malformation
Type 4 Vascular Malformation (Arteriovenous Fistula)
Posterior Fossa Dural Fistula With Intraspinal Drainage
Cavernous Malformation
Spinal Artery Aneurysm
Spinal Cord Infarction
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Spontaneous Epidural Hematoma
Subdural Hematoma
Bow Hunter Syndrome
Vertebral Dissection
Carotid Dissection
Fibromuscular Dysplasia
SECTION 10: COMPLICATIONS
Complications Overview
Myelography Complications
Vertebroplasty Complications
Failed Back Surgery Syndrome
Epidural Abscess, Postop
Disc Space Infection
Meningitis
CSF Leakage Syndrome
Pseudomeningocele
Direct Cord Trauma
Vascular Injury
Epidural Hematoma, Spine
Instrumentation Failure
Bone Graft Complications
rhBMP-2 Complications
Heterotopic Bone Formation
Recurrent Disc Herniation
Peridural Fibrosis
Arachnoiditis/Adhesions
Arachnoiditis Ossificans
Accelerated Degeneration
Postsurgical Deformity
Radiation Myelopathy
SECTION 11: REMOTE COMPLICATIONS
Remote Complications Overview
Donor Site Complications
Deep Venous Thrombosis
Pulmonary Embolism
Aspiration Pneumonia
Acute Myocardial Infarction
Cerebral Infarction
Cerebellar Hemorrhage
Intracranial Hypotension
Extraaxial Hematoma, Brain
Retroperitoneal Hemorrhage
Retroperitoneal Lymphocele
Ophthalmic Complications
Esophageal Perforation
Acute Pancreatitis
Pseudomembranous Colitis (Clostridium difficile)
Rhabdomyolysis
Bowel Perforation
Ureteral Trauma
SECTION 12: DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
Basilar Invagination
Basilar Impression
Cranial Settling
Platybasia
Intrinsic Skull Base Lesion
Foramen Magnum Mass
SECTION 13: PERIPHERAL NERVE AND PLEXUS
Normal Plexus and Nerve Anatomy
Superior Sulcus Tumor
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Muscle Denervation
Brachial Plexus Traction Injury
Idiopathic Brachial Plexus Neuritis
Traumatic Neuroma
Radiation Plexopathy
Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor
Peripheral Neurolymphomatosis
Hypertrophic Neuropathy
Femoral Neuropathy
Ulnar Neuropathy
Suprascapular Neuropathy
Median Neuropathy
Common Peroneal Neuropathy
Tibial Neuropathy
SECTION 14: IMAGE-GUIDED PROCEDURES
CERVICAL SPINE
Medial Branch Block, Cervical Spine
Facet Joint Injection, Cervical Spine
Selective Nerve Root Block, Cervical Spine
Epidural Steroid Injection, Cervical Spine
THORACIC SPINE
Medial Branch Block, Thoracic Spine
Facet Joint Injection, Thoracic Spine
Selective Nerve Root Block, Thoracic Spine
Epidural Steroid Injection, Thoracic Spine
LUMBAR SPINE
Medial Branch Block, Lumbar Spine
Facet Joint Injection, Lumbar Spine
Selective Nerve Root Block, Lumbar Spine
Epidural Steroid Injection, Lumbar Spine
VERTEBRAL BODY
Vertebroplasty
Kyphoplasty
Sacroplasty
Vertebral Biopsy
INTERVERTEBRAL DISC
Percutaneous Discectomy
Intradiscal Electrothermal Therapy
Nucleoplasty
Disc Aspiration/Biopsy
PELVIS
Pelvis Anatomy
Sacroiliac Joint Injection
Sacral Nerve Root Block
Piriformis Steroid Injection
